The short version of Selank fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-08-01 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Published clinical work is concentrated in Russian-language journals and generally involves small samples without independent replication. Systematic reviews in English note the shortage of randomised, placebo-controlled trials and the difficulty of verifying methods from translated reports. Outcome measures vary between studies, which complicates pooling of results. Interest in the compound as a cognitive or anxiolytic agent therefore rests on a thinner evidence base than the volume of citations suggests. Replication in well-powered trials with preregistered endpoints would be needed before firm conclusions about efficacy can be drawn.
Proposed mechanisms centre on the GABAergic system. Animal and tissue studies report changes in GABA-A receptor expression and reduced activity of GABA transaminase, the enzyme that degrades GABA. Effects on monoamine turnover, including serotonin and dopamine pathways, are also described, and a separate line of work links the peptide to increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal tissue. Most of these findings come from rodent models and cell preparations. How the individual observations combine into a single coherent mode of action is not settled.
Pharmacokinetic data are sparse and largely derived from animal work. After intranasal administration the peptide appears in plasma within minutes, and reported half-lives are short, on the order of minutes to tens of minutes. Degradation proceeds through ordinary proteolytic cleavage into constituent amino acids and smaller fragments. Direct evidence that intact Selank reaches brain tissue in meaningful amounts is limited, and the extent of blood-brain barrier penetration is debated. Some authors argue that fragments, not the parent peptide, carry much of the observed activity.
The compound was designed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences during the 1980s and 1990s. The stated design goal was to retain the immunomodulatory and central nervous system activity attributed to tuftsin while improving resistance to enzymatic breakdown. Adding a proline-rich tail to the short parent peptide was a deliberate strategy, because proline residues restrict the conformations available to many peptidases. The same laboratory produced Semax, an ACTH fragment analog, and both compounds were developed in parallel as short, enzymatically stabilized peptides intended for intranasal use.
Selank is not a naturally occurring peptide and has no known endogenous counterpart in human physiology. Russian-language sources frequently call it TP-7, while English-language sources use the name Selank almost exclusively. Database indexing is uneven, partly because early reports appeared in regional journals that are not widely cataloged. Some summaries describe the material as a tuftsin analog and others as a synthetic heptapeptide; the labels overlap rather than conflict. Citing the primary sequence resolves ambiguity more reliably than the research or trade name alone.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Primary route studied | Intranasal | Also examined parenterally in animal work |
| Reported plasma half-life | Minutes to tens of minutes | Values vary widely between reports |
| Main model systems | Rodent behavioural and cell assays | Human trials are few and small |
| Principal proposed targets | GABA-A receptor, GABA transaminase | Monoamine and neurotrophic pathways also reported |
| Evidence grade | Preliminary | Limited independent replication |
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. It was designed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences as a structural analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring tetrapeptide fragment of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The added Pro-Gly-Pro tail was intended to slow enzymatic degradation and extend biological activity. In Russia it is registered as an anxiolytic nasal preparation, while regulators elsewhere have not approved it for clinical use.
Proposed mechanisms centre on modulation of the GABAergic system, with reports of altered expression of genes related to GABA-A receptor subunits and changed monoamine turnover. Some studies describe inhibition of enkephalinase, the enzyme that degrades endogenous enkephalins, which may prolong opioid peptide signalling. Effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and on cytokine expression have also been reported. These findings come largely from animal models and small human studies, and the precise primary target remains unresolved.
The compound has a calculated molecular weight near 751.9 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of its arginine residue. It dissolves freely in water and in common aqueous buffers, and typically appears as a white or off-white lyophilized powder. The amide backbone makes the molecule susceptible to peptidases, which limits oral use and favors intranasal or parenteral routes. Nomenclature in the literature varies: the substance is also described by the sequence abbreviation TP-7 and by a Russian trade designation.
Regulatory status differs sharply by region. Selank holds a Russian marketing authorization, where it is supplied mainly as nasal drops, while authorities elsewhere have not approved it for medical use. Material sold internationally is therefore usually labeled as a research chemical rather than a medicine. Peer-reviewed publications come predominantly from Russian laboratories, and sample sizes are generally small. Whether the compound produces comparable effects under independent, well-controlled replication remains an open question that the broader literature has not settled.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia as a structural analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring immunomodulatory tetrapeptide. Its sequence, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, keeps the tuftsin core at the N-terminus and appends a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow synthesized the compound during the 1990s while searching for peptides with combined anxiolytic and immunomodulatory activity. The added tail was intended to resist enzymatic cleavage and prolong the molecule's presence in circulation.
1911: Polish-born physicist and chemist Marie Curie became the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, which she received "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element". This made her the first person to win the Nobel Prize twice. As of 2022, she is the only woman to win it twice and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in two scientific fields. 1911: Norwegian biologist Kristine Bonnevie became the first woman member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. 1912: American astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt studied the bright-dim cycle periods of Cepheid stars, then found a way to calculate the distance from such stars to Earth. 1912: Canadian botanist and geneticist Carrie Derick was appointed a professor of morphological botany at McGill University. She was the first woman to become a full professor in any department at a Canadian university. 1912: Bengali physician Jamini Sen became the first female Fellow of the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. 1913: Regina Fleszarowa became the first Polish woman to receive a PhD in natural sciences. 1913: Izabela Textorisová, the first Slovak female botanist, published "Flora Data from the County of Turiec" in the journal Botanikai Közlemények. Her work uncovered more than 100 previously unknown species of plants from the Turiec area.
=== tim-tin === Tim-AK Timecelles timefurone (INN) timegadine (INN) timelotem (INN) Timentin timepidium bromide (INN) timiperone (INN) timirdine (INN) timobesone (INN) timofibrate (INN) Timolide timolol (INN) timonacic (INN) timoprazole (INN) Timoptic tinabinol (INN) Tinactin Antifungal Tinaderm Tinamed tinazoline (INN) TinBen Tindal Tindamax Ting tinidazole (INN) tinisulpride (INN) tinofedrine (INN) tinoridine (INN) Tinver tinzaparin sodium (INN)
=== Variation === The sternalis muscle may be a variant form of the pectoralis major or the rectus abdominis. Some fibers are occasionally connected with the costoxiphoid ligaments, and the side of the xiphoid process.
The 20 countries with the highest prevalence of obesity among adults in 2022 were mostly in the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, and the Near East and North Africa. In Tonga (71.7 percent), Nauru (69.9 percent), Tuvalu (64.2 percent) and Samoa (62.4 percent), 60 percent or more of the adult population is obese. While the prevalence of adult obesity in the United States of America is the thirteenth-largest in the world (42.0 percent), the country is home to the largest number of obese adults due to its large population, accounting for one-eighth of the global total. The rate of obesity also increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old and severe obesity in the United States, Australia, and Canada is increasing faster than the overall rate of obesity. The OECD has projected an increase in obesity rates until at least 2030, especially in the United States, Mexico and England with rates reaching 47%, 39% and 35%, respectively. Once considered a problem only of high-income countries, obesity rates are rising worldwide and affecting both the developed and developing world. These increases have been felt most dramatically in urban settings. In 2021, nearly half the global adult population - a billion men and 1.11 billion women aged 25 or older - were overweight or obese. It was predicted that if these trends continue about 57.4% of men and 60.3% of women would be overweight or obese by 2050. Sex- and gender-based differences influence the prevalence of obesity. Globally there are more obese women than men, but the numbers differ depending on how obesity is measured.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Cell rest of Malassez === These groups of epithelial cells become located in the mature PDL after the disintegration of Hertwig epithelial root sheath during the formation of the root. They form a plexus that surrounds the tooth. Cell rests of Malassez might proliferate during inflammation which may lead to radicular cyst formation in later life.
Beta-alanine decreases fatigue during high-intensity exercise by increasing the muscle carnosine concentration. Branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine and valine are commonly used for their muscle fueling properties and relief of post-workout soreness, often alongside other amino acids such as glutamine which are thought to have synergistic effects. Results from research have been mixed, and the dose contained in commercial pre-workout products is often less than an optimum effective dose. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate may sometimes be used as an ingredient in some products, though is prohibitively expensive for most commercial pre-workout blends. Arginine (sometimes as complexes like arginine alpha-ketoglutarate), is also commonly used as a nitric oxide precursor and supposed booster of growth hormone and IGF-1 release, though studies have shown limited benefits, and generally at higher doses than are present in typical pre-workout products. Ornithine or L-ornithine L-aspartate are sometimes used as an alternative or in addition to arginine, and have generally similar properties. Citrulline (sometimes as "watermelon extract") is used as an alternative or supplement to arginine, and is claimed to reduce post-exercise soreness. Agmatine is also often used as an alternative or supplement to arginine. Taurine is also a common ingredient in pre-workout, and can be used as a supplement taken alone. It is similar to creatine purportedly to aid muscle hypertrophy that increases strength, endurance, reduced muscle damage, and helps with a faster recovery.
The antibody, together with the captured target peptide, is then separated from the complex sample digest, after which the highly purified peptide is eluted from the antibody and delivered to a mass spectrometer for measurement. The capture step has been implemented using antibodies bound to magnetic beads as well as antibodies immobilized on flow-through columns. Addition of this specific capture step provides two primary advantages in comparison with a conventional workflow analyzing an unfractionated sample digest: sensitivity and throughput. The antibody can be used to capture the target peptide (and SIS) from a much larger mass of sample than could be analyzed directly by MS, thus allowing lower concentrations to be measured. In practice, assay sensitivity can be improved by 1,000-10,000-fold by this approach. By removing the unbound (non-target) peptides present in the sample digest, the sample presented to the mass spectrometer is drastically simplified, thus reducing the need for peptide separation by liquid chromatography prior to MS analysis. In some cases liquid chromatography has been eliminated entirely, resulting in MS cycle times of 7-20 sec rather than 5–40 minutes required in typical unfractionated digest protocols involving extensive chromatographic separation. By virtue of the extreme specificity of mass spectrometric detection, SISCAPA assays can be combined into multiplex panels without cross-assay interference. Panels combining 22, 50, and 150 assays into a single operation have been demonstrated.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
National teams June 3 – 9: 2019 FIBA Under-16 Americas Championship in Belém The United States defeated Canada, 94–77, to win their sixth consecutive FIBA Under-16 Americas Championship title. The Dominican Republic took third place. Argentina took fourth place. Note: All teams mentioned above have qualified to compete at the 2020 FIBA Under-17 Basketball World Cup. June 16 – 22: 2019 FIBA Under-16 Women's Americas Championship in Puerto Aysén The United States defeated Canada, 87–37, to win their second consecutive and fifth overall FIBA Under-16 Women's Americas Championship title. Chile took third place. Puerto Rico took fourth place. Note: All teams mentioned above have qualified to compete at the 2020 FIBA Under-17 Women's Basketball World Cup. September 22 – 29: 2019 FIBA Women's AmeriCup in San Juan The United States defeated Canada, 67–46, to win their third FIBA Women's AmeriCup title. Brazil took third place. Note: The first eight teams have qualified to compete at the Americas 2020 Olympic pre-qualifying tournaments. Club teams January 18 – March 31: 2019 FIBA Americas League San Lorenzo defeated Guaros, 64–61, to win their second consecutive FIBA Americas League title.
The SBP-Tag will also bind to streptavidin or streptavidin reagents in solution. Applications of these engineered associations include the visualization of specific proteins within living cells, monitoring of the kinetics of the translation of individual proteins in an in vitro translation system, control of the integration of a multi-spanning membrane protein into the endoplasmic reticulum by fusing the SBP-Tag to the N-terminal translocation sequence and then halting integration with streptavidin and restarting integration with biotin. Fluorescent streptavidin reagents (e.g. streptavidin-HRP) can be used to visualize the SBP-tag by immunoblotting of SDS-PAGE. Additionally, antibodies to the SBP-tag are available commercially. The SBP-Tag has been used to reversibly immobilize recombinant proteins onto streptavidin-functionalized surfaces thereby permitting interaction assessment such as by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques with re-use of the functionalized surface. SPR has also been used to compare the SBP-Tag with other streptavidin-binding peptides such as Strep-tag.
== Alleged ruthenium-106 leak == In September 2017 an estimated amount of 100 to 300 TBq (0.3 to 1 g) of 106Ru was released in Russia, probably in the Ural region. It was, after ruling out release from a reentering satellite, concluded that the source was either in nuclear fuel cycle facilities or radioactive source production. In France levels up to 0.036mBq/m3 of air were measured. It was estimated that for distances of the order of a few tens of kilometres, contamination levels may have exceeded the limits for non-dairy foodstuffs.
Glibenclamide/metformin, also known as glyburide/metformin and sold under the brand name Glucovance, is a fixed-dose combination anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It contains glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea, and metformin, a biguanide.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Reports describe modulation of GABA signalling, changes in monoamine turnover and effects on neurotrophic factor expression. These observations come mainly from animal and cell studies. A single unifying mechanism has not been demonstrated.
The peptide enters plasma rapidly and is broken down by ordinary proteases into amino acids and shorter fragments. Reported half-lives are short. Whether meaningful amounts of the intact molecule reach the brain is an open question.
Most clinical reports are small, published in Russian and not independently replicated. English-language reviews highlight the absence of large randomised trials. Conclusions about efficacy should be treated as provisional.
The sequence is Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, written TKPRPGP in one-letter code. It combines the tetrapeptide tuftsin with a carboxyl-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension. This full sequence identifies the molecule more precisely than the research name.